Methodology dilemma of Western bioethics and transcendent approach based on Confucian bioethics

Western bioethics, with its theoretical basis in individualism, is essentially a form of universalist ethics that makes it difficult to respond to the complexities of moral life. Scholars represented by Engelhardt and MacIntyre have profoundly reflected on universalist ethics from the perspective of moral pluralism, but they have not been able to fundamentally resolve the disputes. Grasping the theoretical lineage of the controversy between universalism and particularism can provide an important reference for the construction of bioethics based on Confucianism in contemporary China. Furthermore, from the perspective of opposing universalism and particularism, as well as in response to the issues of the era of life science and technology and the cultural background of China, it can not only realize the modern interpretation of Confucian ethics, but also promote the effective application of modern bioethics theory.